{"id":6840,"date":"2019-10-07T14:58:32","date_gmt":"2019-10-07T18:58:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jdhitsolutions.com\/blog\/?p=6840"},"modified":"2019-10-07T14:58:40","modified_gmt":"2019-10-07T18:58:40","slug":"making-sense-of-parallel-foreach-object-in-powershell-7","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jdhitsolutions.com\/blog\/powershell\/6840\/making-sense-of-parallel-foreach-object-in-powershell-7\/","title":{"rendered":"Making Sense of Parallel ForEach-Object in PowerShell 7"},"content":{"rendered":"

By, you've most likely heard about the new -parallel parameter with ForEach-Object<\/a> in the latest preview of PowerShell 7<\/a> Personally. I've been waiting for this for a long time. I used to only use PowerShell workflows because it offered a way to run commands in parallel. Having this feature as part of the language is a welcome addition. But this isn't magic and there are real-world consequences when you use it. The -Parallel parameter will spin up a collection of runspaces and run your scriptblock in each one. Running something in parallel does not mean in order.<\/p>\n

Here's an example of the new parameter in action.<\/p>\n

\"image\"<\/a><\/p>\n

I introduced a random sleep interval to help demonstrate that the commands are running in parallel. The result is written to the pipeline as each parallel operation completes. Let's dig into this a bit deeper.<\/p>\n

Straight Pipeline<\/h2>\n

Here is a straight forward pipeline example using ForEach-Object<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Measure-Command {\n    1..5000 | ForEach-Object { [math]::Sqrt($_) * 2 }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
This took me 34ms to complete. Here's the same command but run using -parallel.<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    1..5000 | ForEach-Object -parallel { [math]::Sqrt($_) * 2 }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
This took 89 seconds<\/em><\/strong>. Clearly, there is overhead involved when using this parameter.<\/p>\n
However, there is potential room for improvement.  By default the command spins up 5 runspaces at a time. You can increase or decrease this with the -ThrottleLimit parameter.<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    1..5000 | ForEach-Object -parallel { [math]::Sqrt($_) * 2 } -throttlelimit 25\n}\n<\/pre>\n
This version finished in almost 5 seconds! By comparison, using the ForEach enumerator:<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    foreach ($x in (1..5000)) { [math]::Sqrt($x) * 2 }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
takes about 7 ms.<\/p>\n
Running Scriptblocks<\/h2>\n
Let's increase the complexity and do something a bit more practical. Here is a scriptblock that will give me an object showing file usage in a given folder.<\/p>\n
$t = {\n    param ([string]$Path)\n    Get-ChildItem -path $path -recurse -file -erroraction SilentlyContinue |\n        Measure-Object -sum -Property Length -Maximum -Minimum |\n        Select-Object @{Name = \"Computername\"; Expression = { $env:COMPUTERNAME } },\n        @{Name = \"Path\"; Expression = { Convert-Path $path } },\n        Count, Sum, Maximum, Minimum\n}\n\nMeasure-Command {\n    \"c:\\work\", \"c:\\scripts\", \"d:\\temp\", \"C:\\users\\jeff\\Documents\", \"c:\\windows\" | \n    ForEach-Object -process { Invoke-Command -scriptblock $t -argumentlist $_ }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
Running this locally on my Windows 10 desktop with 32GB of memory took a little over 34 seconds. Here's the same command using -Parallel.<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    \"c:\\work\", \"c:\\scripts\", \"d:\\temp\", \"C:\\users\\jeff\\Documents\", \"c:\\windows\" | ForEach-Object -parallel {\n        $path = $_\n        Get-ChildItem -path $path -recurse -file -erroraction SilentlyContinue |\n            Measure-Object -sum -Property Length -Maximum -Minimum |\n            Select-Object @{Name = \"Computername\"; Expression = { $env:COMPUTERNAME } },\n            @{Name = \"Path\"; Expression = { Convert-Path $path } },\n            Count, Sum, Maximum, Minimum\n\n    } \n}\n<\/pre>\n
You should notice a big difference in the syntax. Because each parallel scriptblock is running in a new runspace, it is harder to pass variables like $t. There are ways around this. For me, the easiest solution for the demonstration was to simply copy the scriptblock.<\/p>\n
This command took about 50 seconds to run. Although if I bumped the throttle limit to 6. it completed in about 20 seconds.<\/p>\n
Remote Commands<\/h2>\n
Where -Parallel begins to make sense is with commands that involve remote computers, or anything that contains some form of variability. Here's a traditional command you might run.<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    'srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1', 'srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1' | ForEach-Object {\n        Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname = \"system\"; Level = 2, 3 } -MaxEvents 100 -ComputerName $_\n    }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
I only have a few virtual machines to test with so I'm repeating the command with them. This completed in about 3 seconds. Compared to the -Parallel approach:<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    'srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1', 'srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1' | ForEach-Object -parallel {\n        Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname = \"system\"; Level = 2, 3 } -MaxEvents 100 -ComputerName $_\n    }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
which took just under 1 second. Let's up the sample size.<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    $d = ('srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1')*5 | \n    ForEach-Object {\n        Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname = \"system\"; Level = 2, 3 }  -ComputerName $_\n    }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
This took 9.7 seconds compared to this:<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    $d = ('srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1')*5  |\n        ForEach-Object -parallel {\n            Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname = \"system\"; Level = 2, 3 }  -ComputerName $_\n        }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
which completed in 3.7 seconds<\/p>\n
PowerShell at Scale<\/h2>\n
Let's really see what this looks like at scale. I'll even try to simulate server and network latency.<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    $d = ('srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1') * 100 | ForEach-Object {\n        Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname = \"system\"; Level = 2, 3 }  -ComputerName $_\n        #simulate network\/server latency\n        Start-Sleep -Seconds (Get-Random -Minimum 1 -Maximum 5)\n    }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
On my desktop this took over 18 minutes<\/em><\/strong> to complete, returning almost 41,000 records. Here's the default PowerShell 7 version using -parallel:<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    $d = ('srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1') * 100 | ForEach-Object -parallel {\n        Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname = \"system\"; Level = 2, 3 }  -ComputerName $_\n        Start-Sleep -Seconds (Get-Random -Minimum 1 -Maximum 5)\n    }\n}\n<\/pre>\n
Now the command completes in 3 minutes 35 seconds.<\/p>\n
The default throttle limit value might change. Jeffrey Snover has said he thinks it should be higher and I think I agree. Let's wee what happens when using the default ThrottleLimit value from Invoke-Command<\/a>.<\/p>\n
Measure-Command {\n    $d = ('srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1') * 100 | ForEach-Object -parallel {\n        Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname = \"system\"; Level = 2, 3 }  -ComputerName $_\n        Start-Sleep -Seconds (Get-Random -Minimum 1 -Maximum 5)\n    } -throttlelimit 32\n}\n<\/pre>\n
This completed in 49 seconds!<\/p>\n
A Workflow Alternative<\/h2>\n
For one last comparison here is an admittedly rough workflow that approximates the other examples. I switched to Get-Eventlog<\/a> because i don't think the workflow likes sending the filtering hashtable over a serialize connection.<\/p>\n
Workflow GetLogs {\n\n    Param()\n\n    Sequence {\n        $computers = ('srv1.company.pri', 'srv2.company.pri', 'win10.company.pri', 'dom1.company.pri') * 100\n        foreach -parallel ($computer in $computers) {\n\n            inlinescript {\n                Write-Verbose \"$(Get-Date) Processing $using:computer\"\n                Start-Sleep -Seconds (Get-Random -Minimum 1 -Maximum 5)\n                Get-Eventlog -LogName system -EntryType error, Warning -ComputerName $using:computer\n            } #inline\n        } #foreach\n    } #sequence\n} #workflow\n}\n\n$d = getlogs -pscomputername localhost -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue\n<\/pre>\n
This is not what PowerShell workflows were intended for, although I expect many people have tried to use them in this fashion. This command completed in 10:05, although it would probably have improved with a higher throttle limit.<\/p>\n
Conclusions<\/h2>\n
The only absolute conclusion you can make is that you need to do your own testing to determine if using -parallel makes sense for your command or project. Personally, my take away is that -parallel works best for large scale operations with a lot of variability. You might have comparable results writing your commands to scale with Invoke-Command.<\/p>\n
$computers = ('srv1', 'srv2', 'win10', 'dom1') * 100\n$d = Invoke-Command {\n        Get-WinEvent -FilterHashtable @{Logname = \"system\"; Level = 2, 3 }  \n        Start-Sleep -Seconds (Get-Random -Minimum 1 -Maximum 5)\n} -throttlelimit 32 -ComputerName $computers\n<\/pre>\n
Yes, there is overhead as PSSessions have to be setup and torn down. This completed in 1:56 for me which is still acceptable performance and as a bonus, this doesn't require PowerShell 7.<\/p>\n
I plan to continue experimenting with this feature and would love to hear about your experiences using it. I believe eventually there will a community consensus on when to use this but for now we have the pleasure of figuring that out!<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
By, you’ve most likely heard about the new -parallel parameter with ForEach-Object in the latest preview of PowerShell 7 Personally. I’ve been waiting for this for a long time. I used to only use PowerShell workflows because it offered a way to run commands in parallel. 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